America’s history: 1865 - 1929

After the defeat of the Southern states, the country’s most fertile agricultural area was left destroyed and its rich culture devastated. Immediately after Civil War, legislatures in the Southern states attempted to block blacks from voting. They did this by enacting “black codes” to restrict freedom of former slaves. What is more, President Andrew Johnson did not allow Republicans to protect black civil rights and to bring blacks into the mainstream of the American life.
In March 1868, the House of Representatives attempted to remove Johnson from office. His acquittal, however, was an important victory for a central principle of American government. The principle is the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. Due to Johnson’s acquittal, the power between the president and Congress was preserved. Nevertheless, Congress was able to press forward with its program of “Reconstruction” of the Southern states. By 1870, Southern states were governed by groups of blacks, cooperative whites and transplanted Northerners. Many Southern blacks were elected to state legislatures and to the Congress.
Most Southern whites resented reconstruction and formed the Ku Klux Klan, a violent secret society that strove to maintain “white supremacy” by terrorizing blacks. By 1872, the Klan was suppressed, but violence towards blacks continued. In 1877, Reconstruction came to an end when new constitutions had been ratified. Nevertheless, blacks were still subordinated to whites, although they had limited civil rights.
Toward the end of the century, segregation and oppression of blacks grew far more rigid. In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution permitted separate facilities and services for the two races. Laws imposed strict segregation in public transportation, theaters, sports, even elevators and cemeteries. Most blacks and many poor whites lost the right to vote because of their inability to pay the poll taxes...

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