Boilers. Katilai

Bendrosios žinios. Katilo pagrindiniai elementai.
Vandens cirkuliacija katile
Natūralios cirkuliacijos garo katilai
Boilers
General information. The main elements of a boiler
The first boilers were of a cylinder shape. The external surface of a cylinder at the same time was the heating surface. The construction of the boilers was improved in two ways: the internal heating surface of the drum boilers of the burning pipe 2 and smoke pipe 3 was increased; and 2) the external heating surface of water pipe boilers was increased.
In the drum of the burning pipe boilers there are one or two pipes of a large diameter – burning pipes in front part of which furnaces are installed. In the smoke pipe boilers flue gas flows in many pipes of small (50…130 mm) diameter. The increase of heating surface of these boilers increased their output. Favourable conditions are formed for convection heat exchange, if smoke quickly flows in the pipes of a small diameter. So nowadays these boilers are installed, if it is necessary to employ the heat of low temperature smoke (e.g. smoke of industrial furnaces). Sometimes, (e.g. in the locomotives) joint boilers made of a short burning pipe and a smoke pipe are used.
Boilers of 4 water pipes designed later than the boilers of the flue gas pipes appeared more promising. These boilers consist of many pipes of a small diameter filled with water. The external surface is heated by smoke. At first pipes were joined to the special chambers, the latters-to the drum. Later inconvenient pipe chambers were substituted by drums. Almost vertical banks of the pipes were joined to the drums. Such boilers were called boilers of the vertical water pipes.
Further development of the boilers was related with the method of creation of the dust shape solid fuel combustion. Walls of the furnace so that high temperature...

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