Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy • Arunas Galvelis • Joanna Wielgo • Lukasz Wypior • Karolina Lasota • Ruben Olea • Alice Maffezzoli • The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). • Geothermal energy is, literally, the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale. The centre of the Earth is around 6000 • The centre of the Earth is around 6000 • degrees Celsius; • The temperature rises one degree Celsius • for every 36m you go down Geothermal energy • Has been used for thousand of years for • cooking and heating • Is use for many areas of life (heating, • chemical industry ect.) The engine used at Larderello in 1904 in the first experiment in generating electric energy from geothermal steam, along with its inventor, Prince Piero Ginori Conti. After the Second World War many countries were attracted by geothermal energy, considering it to be economically competitive with other forms of energy. It did not have to be imported, and, in some cases, it was the only energy source available locally. • After the Second World War many countries were attracted by geothermal energy, considering it to be economically competitive with other forms of energy. It did not have to be imported, and, in some cases, it was the only energy source available locally. Installed geothermal generating capacities world-wide from 1995 to 2000 (from Huttrer, 2001), and at the end of 2003. • Country • 1995 • (MWe) • 1995 • (MWe) • 1995-2000 • (increase in MWe ) • % • increase • (1995-2000 • 2003 • (MWe) • Germany • - • - • - • - • 0,23 • Italy • 631.7 • 785 • 153.3 • 24.3 • 790.5 • France • 4.2 • 4.2 • - • - • 15 • China • 28.78 • 29.17 • 0.39 • 1.35 • 28.18 • New Zealand • 286 • 437 • 151 • 52.8 • 421.3 • Portugal • 5 • 16 • 11 • 220 • 16 World pattern of plates, oceanic ridges, oceanic trenches, subduction zones, and geothermal fields. Arrows show the direction of movement of the plates towards the subduction zones. Geothermal system can be found • in regions with a normal or slightly above normal geothermal gradient • regions around plate margins where the geothermal gradients may be significantly higher than the average value Schematic representation of an ideal geothermal system The reconstruction of a good model of a real geothermal system is by no means easy to achieve. It requires skill in many disciplines and a vast experience, especially when dealing with high -temperature systems. Geothermal systems also occur in nature in a variety of combinations of geological, physical and chemical characteristics, thus giving rise to several different types of system. • The reconstruction of a good model of a real geothermal system is by no means easy to achieve. It requires skill in many disciplines and a vast experience, especially when dealing with high -temperature systems. Geothermal systems also occur in nature in a variety of combinations of geological, physical and chemical characteristics, thus giving rise to several different types of system. Schematic of a commercial-scale Hot Dry Rock The different categories of geothermal resources Classification of geothermal resources (°C) • (a) • (b) • (c) • (d) • (e) • Low enthalpy resources • 150 • >225 • >200 • >150 • >190 Exploration methods • Geological and hydrogeological studies • Geochemical survey • Geophysical surveys (temperature, electrical conductivity, propagation celerity of elastic wavs, density, magnetic susceptibility) Utilization of geothermal resources Simplified flow diagram of the geothermal districts heating system of Reykjavik Typical application of ground-coupled heat pump system The most common application of geothermal energy in agriculture is, however, in greenhouse heating, which has been developed on a large scale in many countries. The cultivation of vegetables and flowers out-of-season, or in an unnatural climate, can now draw on a widely experimented technology. • The most common application of geothermal energy in agriculture is, however, in greenhouse heating, which has been developed on a large scale in many countries. The cultivation of vegetables and flowers out-of-season, or in an unnatural climate, can now draw on a widely experimented technology. Growth curves for some crops Exploitation of geothermal heat in greenhouse heating can considerably reduce their operating costs, which in some cases account for 35% of the product costs (vegetables, flowers, house-plants and tree seedlings). • Exploitation of geothermal heat in greenhouse heating can considerably reduce their operating costs, which in some cases account for 35% of the product costs (vegetables, flowers, house-plants and tree seedlings). In many cases geothermal waters could be used profitably in a combination of animal husbandry and geothermal greenhouses. Graph next show us effect of temperature on growth or production of food animals Cascade uses of geothermal energy Advantages of using: • Does not produce any pollution • The power station do not take up much room • No fuel is needed • Once you have built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free Disadvantages • There are not many places where you can build a power station • Sometimes a geothermal site may „run out of steam” • Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground Geothermal potential world-wide (IGA, 2001). • High-temperature resources suitable for electricity generation • Low-temperature resources suitable for direct use in million TJ/yr of heat (lower limit) • Conventional technology in TWh/yr of electricity • Conventional and binary technology in TWh/yr of electricity • Europe • 1830 • 3700 • > 370 • Asia • 2970 • 5900 • > 320 • Africa • 1220 • 2400 • > 240 • North America • 1330 • 2700 • > 120 • Latin America • 2800 • 5600 • > 240 • Oceania • 1050 • 2100 • > 110 • World potential • 11 200 • 22 400 • > 1400 Thank you for attention

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